TITLE PAGE
AUTHORʼS PREFACE
PREFATORY NOTE TO ENGLISH EDITION
TRANSLATORʼS NOTE
PROLEGOMENA.
§ 1.
Scope And ARRANGEMENT OF New
Testament INTRODUCTION.
Definition of Introduction
as Historical Criticism
independent of any Dogmatic
Preconception—Division of
the subject into three
parts—Uncertainty of Results
§2. A
GENERAL VIEW OF THE LITERATURE
OF THE SUBJECT.
History of Introduction down
to the Reformation— Richard
Simon—From Simon to Baur—The
Tübingen School—The Reaction
against Baur—Present
condition of Criticism—The
modern Pseudo-Criticism
PART I.
A HISTORY OF EACH OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
WRITINGS
_____________________
BOOK I
THE EPISTLES
_____________________
CHAPTER I
THE GENUINE EPISTLES OF PAUL
§ 3.
The Apostle PAUL.
His Life—His Personality—His
Peculiar Qualities as a
Writer—The Duty of Criticism
towards the Tradition
§ 4.
The First Epistle To THE THESSALONIANS.
Contents—Addressees—Circumstances
of Composition— Authenticity
and Integrity
§ 5.
The Second Epistle To THE THESSALONIANS.
Contents —Circumstances of
Composition—Authenticity
—Question of vv. ii. 1-12
§ 6.
The Epistle To THE GALATIANS.
Contents—Object of the
Epistle—Its
Recipients—Circumstances of
Composition
§7.
The Two Epistles To THE CORINTHIANS.
Relations of Paul to the
Corinthians before the First
Epistle—Motives for the
Composition of the First
Epistle—Contents of the
First Epistle —Circumstances
of Composition—Contents and
Character of the Second
Epistle—Time and Place of
Composition-—Its Cause and
Occasion—Two lost Corinthian
Epistles—History of the
Community between the First
and Second
Epistles—Proposals for
dismembering the Second
Epistle
§ 8.
The Epistle To THE Romans.
Contents—Time and Place of
Composition—Authenticity of
chapters xv. and xvi—Ch.
xvi. an Epistle to the
Ephesians—Object of the
Epistle and Condition of the
Roman Community
§ 9.
The Epistle TO THE PHILIPPIANS.
Character and
Contents—Recipients and
Object of the Epistle—Date
of Composition—Authenticity
and Indivisibility of the
Epistle
§ 10
The Epistle To PHILEMON
§ 11.
The Epistles TO THE COLOSSIANS AND
EPHESIANS.
Contents of
Colossians—Contents of
Ephesians—Contemporary
origin of Colossians,
Ephesians and Philemon—The
Community of Colossae and
the Occasion for
Colossians—The False
Teachers of
Colossae—Authenticity and
Integrity of
Colossians—Object of
Ephesians—Not an Epistle to
Ephesians—Objections to its
Authenticity
CHAPTER II
THE DEUTERO-PAULINE EPISTLES
§ 12.
The Epistle To THE HEBREWS.
Theme of the Epistle and
manner in which it is
carried out—Hebrews a true
Epistle—But not by Paul—Date
of
Composition—Destination—Hypotheses
as to the Author
§ 13.
The Pastoral Epistles.
Contents of 1. and 2.
Timothy and Titus—Close
connection between the three
Epistles—Pauline Authorship
impossible, because (a)
the Pauline elements are
merely due to dependence on
Paul, (b) the
External Evidence is
unfavourable, (c) the
language is non-Pauline, (d)
the theological position is
that of the Post-Apostolic
Age, (e) the Epistles
are psychologically
inconceivable as coming from
Paul, and (f) it is
impossible to find a place
for them in Paulʼs
lifetime—The actual
Circumstances of
Composition—Possible Use of
Genuine Fragments?
CHAPTER III
THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES
§ 14.
A General Survey OF THE Catholic
EPISTLES.
The name ʽCatholic
Epistlesʼ—Close Relationship
between the seven Epistles
§ 15.
The First Epistle or Peter.
Contents—Theme and Object of
the Epistle—Peter not the
Author—Actual Circumstances
of Composition— Integrity of
the Superscription
§ 16.
The Epistle of James.
Contents—Character and
Object of the Epistle—Its
Addressees—The Pretended
Author—The Real Author
—Hypotheses of Spitta and
Harnack.
§17.
The Epistle of JUDE.
Contents, Form, Object and
Character of the Epistle—Its
Date and Author
§ 18.
The Second Epistle of Peter.
Contents—Object of the
Epistle—Its indications as
to Author and
Addressees—Authenticity
untenable— Dependence on
Jude—Actual Circumstances of
Composition
§ 19.
The First Epistle or John.
Contents—Object of the
Epistle—Date of Composition—
Its Author identical with
Author of Fourth Gospel
§ 20.
The Shorter Epistles of JOHN.
Contents and Objects of 2.
and 3. John—Their Author and
his relation to the Author
of the First Epistle
_____________________
BOOK II
THE APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE OF THE NEW
TESTAMENT
_____________________
§ 21.
A GENERAL Survey or Apocalyptic
LITERATURE.
§ 22,
The REVELATION OF JOHN.
Contents—Character of the
Apocalypse—Its Object and
Plan—The Apocalypse a
Jewish-Christian Product—
The Author according to his
own testimony and to that of
the Tradition—Relation of
the Apocalypse to the other
Johannine Writings—Date of
Composition— Question of
Homogeneity
_____________________
BOOK III
THE HISTORICAL BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
_____________________
CHAPTER I
THE FOUR GOSPELS
§ 23.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE Gospels.
The Name ʽSynopticsʼ for
Matthew, Mark and Luke— The
Gospels according to
Matthew, ete.—The Gospels as
Historical Records
A. The Synoptic Gospels
§ 24,
Contents of THE Synoptic Gospels
§ 25.
THE Gospel according TO Matthew.
The Tradition as to the
Apostolic authorship of
Matthew untenable—Date of
Matthew— Tendency and
religious Attitude of
Matthew—Its Literary
Peculiarities— Integrity of
the Gospel
§ 26.
The GOSPEL ACCORDING TO Mark.
Mark the Author—Attitude and
Tendency of Mark—
Date of Composition—Literary
Peculiarities—Integrity of
the Gospel
§ 27.
The Gospel According To Luke.
The Tradition concerning
Luke, and his own Testimony
—Objects and religious
Attitude of Luke—Date of
Composition—Literary
Peculiarities
§ 28.
The Synoptic Problem.
The Problem stated—The
earlier attempts at
Solution— Effects of
combining the earlier
Hypotheses—First Statement:
Mark is contained in Matthew
and Luke— Second Statement:
Matthew and Luke made use of
a second authority
consisting in a Collection
of Logia
(perhaps that of the Apostle
Matthew?)—Third Statement:
Matthew and Luke made use of
other authorities besides
Mark and the Book of
Logia—First Hypothesis:
Was Mark also acquainted
with the Book of Logia?—Second
Hypothesis: items of Luke on
Matthew improbable
§ 29.
The Historical VALUE OF THE SYNOPTIC
GOSPELS.
Shortcomings in their
tradition—Trustworthiness of
their general picture—Sketch
of the Development of the
Gospel Tradition as far as
Luke
B. John.
§ 30.
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO JOHN.
Contents and
Arrangement—Character of the
Gospel— The Integrity—Date
of Composition: (a)
Its Relation to the
Synoptics; (b) The
Post-Pauline Hellenistic
Theology
§ 31.
The JOHANNINE QUESTION.
External Evidence—The
ʽPresbyterʼ John—Testimony
of the Writer—Impossible
that the Writer should have
been an Eye-witness—Result
CHAPTER II
§ 32.
The Acts of THE APOSTLES.
Contents and Plan—Connection
with Luke—Date of
Composition— Tendency—Historical
Value of the Acts —Its
Authorities, especially the
We-Document—Twofold
Recension of the Text
§ 33.
RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY OF THE ʼTWENTY-SEVEN
Books or THE New TESTAMENT
_____________________
PART II
A HISTORY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON
_____________________
CHAPTER I
THE PRE-CANONICAL PERIOD OF NEW TESTAMENT
LITERATURE
§ 34.
Tae Canonical AUTHORITIES OF THE
APOSTOLIC AGE.
The Old Testament the only
Canon of Jesus—Also the only
Written Canon of the
Apostles—Sayings of the Lord
become Canonical side by
side with the Scriptures in
the Apostolic Age
§ 35.
The Canonical AUTHORITIES OF CHRISTENDOM
FROM circa 70 To circa 140.
No Christian writing of this
time claims Canonical
Dignity—Canonical Logia
are taken from written
documents, but the Author of
2. Clement is the first to
reckon these documents with
the Scriptures—The
Apostles (not their
Writings) join the body of
the Canon
§ 36.
THE PREPARATORY STAGES IN THE
CANONIsATION OF THE New TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES.
ʽAnagnosisʼ in the Church
services—Collection of
Documents for reading aloud
CHAPTER II
THE CREATION OF THE PRIMITIVE FORM OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT CANON (circa 140-200)
§ 37.
The Facts of THE CASE.
Canonisation of the Gospels
in the writings of Justin—
Preference of oral tradition
by Papias—The twofold New
Testament of
Marcion—Development of the
New Testament Canon from
Justin to Theophius—The New
Testament of Irenaeus,
Tertullian and Clement of
Alexandria—The Muratorianum
§ 38.
The Motives.
The New Testament Canon the
work of the primitive
Catholic Church—Conditions
of admission to the New
Testament in the
Muratorianum—Conditions of
Canonisation with the
Fathers—True Motives of the
Conversion of the Books for
Anagnosis into Canonical
Seriptures—Markedly
conservative Character of
the Canonisation—Sketch of
the Development of the New
Testament between 140 and
200 A.D.
CHAPTER III
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON
DOWN TO THE TIME WHEN IT TOOK ITS PRESENT SHAPE
§39.
The New TESTAMENT of THE GREEK CHURCH
FROM
circa 200-380.
Uncertainty of the Limits of
New Testament Canon
characteristic of Greek
Church—Canon of Origen—Canon
of Eusebius—Canon of Greek
Communities about 300 A.D.
§40.
The New Testament of THE Latin CHURCH
FROM
circa 200 To 875.
Reason for extension of
period—Canon of
Hippolytus—Canon of Cyprian
and the other Western
Fathers down to 375 A.D.
§ 41.
The New Testament of THE Syrian CHURCH
DOWN TO circa 350.
§ 42.
The Final SETTLEMENT of THE New TESTAMENT
IN THE Latin Church.
Hebrews officially received
about 400—Conflict of Custom
with Ecclesiastical
Decrees—The Epistle to the
Laodiceans
§ 43.
The Final SETTLEMENT of THE NEW TESTAMENT
IN THE GREEK CHURCH.
Struggle over the
Apocalypse—Other
Irregularities in Canonical
Limits
§ 44.
The Final SETTLEMENT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
IN THE NATIONAL CHURCHES OF THE East.
§ 45,
The MAINTENANCE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
CANON IN THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION.
New Testament of the
Humanists—Council of Trent—
Religious and Historical
Criticisms of Canon on part
of Reformers
§ 46.
The VARIATION IN THE ORDER OF THE
DIFFERENT PARTS of THE New TESTAMENT.
Importance of this question
in the History of the Canon
—Order within the separate
Sections—Varying Order of
the Five Sections themselves
§ 47.
Result of the History of THE CANON.
The Church and the Canon—The
technical terms
Canonical, Apocryphal,
Scripture, New Testament,
Bible—Permanent Traces
of the gradual
Formation of New Testament
_____________________
PART III
A HISTORY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT TEXT
_____________________
CHAPTER I
§ 48.
The Original Manuscripts.
All Autographa of New
Testament Writers lost—Their
Writing Materials—Uncial and
Cursive Handwritings
CHAPTER II
THE MULTIPLICATION OF THE TEXTS DOWN TO
THE TIME OF THE INVENTION OF PRINTING
§ 49.
The actual INCREASE.
The Increase regulated by
the needs of the Church—
Varies in the different
Parts of the New Testament
§ 50.
The Outward Form or The TEXTS DOWN TO
ABOUT 1500 A.D.
Papyrus Rolls succeeded by
Parchment Codices, which
give way about 1200 to
modern paper—Form of the
later
Manuscripts—Handwriting in
the Parchment
Codices—Colometric
Writing—Elaboration of
Texts, especially Division
into Chapters
51.
The Marital History of THE TEXT DOWN TO ABOUT 1500 A.D.
Enormous Corruption of the
Text—Unintentional
Corruptions—Intentional
ʽmendationsʼ
§ 52.
The Witnesses To THE TEXTS Down To 1500
A.D. AS THEY EXIST TO-DAY.
Quotations in Works of
Ecclesiastical Writers—The
Greek Manuscripts—The
Translations: (a)
Their Value as Records of
Original Text; (b)
The Latin Translations
(Itala and Vulgate); (c)
The Syriac Version
(Peshitto)
CHAPTER III
THE GREAT RECENSIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
TEXT SINCE 1516
§ 53.
The Formation of THE New Testament
ʽTextus Receptusʼ (TO about 1630).
Influence of Printing on the
Text—The
Editiones principes
of 1516 and 1521—Editions of
Stephanus and
Beza—Elzevierʼs
Textus receptus:
§ 54.
The Arracks on THE ʽTextus RECEPTUSʼ
(Down TO circa 1830).
Collections of Variants
beside the Text—Isolated
Corrections of the
Textus Receptus—System
of Classifying Families of
Texts
§ 55.
The Downfall or THE ʽTextus Receptusʼ AND
THE LATEST TEXTUAL CRITICISM.
Downfall of
Textus Receptus
brought about by Lachmann
—Tischendorfʼs Services to
the Text—The Great English
Recensions—Present Condition
of Textual Criticism—Tasks
and Prospects for the Future
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