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FAITH AN
ASSURANCE AND A PROOF.
"Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for,
the proving of things not seen. For therein the elders had
witness borne to them. By faith we understand that the worlds have been
framed by the word of God, so that what is seen hath not been made out of things
which do appear."-- Hebrews 11:1-3
(R.V.).
It is often said that one of the greatest difficulties in
the Epistle to the Hebrews is to discover any real connection of ideas between
the author's general purpose in the previous discussion and the splendid record
of faith in the eleventh chapter. The rhetorical connection is easy to trace.
His utterances throughout have been incentives to confidence. "Let us hold
fast our confession." "Let us draw near with boldness unto the throne
of grace." "Show diligence unto the full assurance of hope."
"Cast not away your boldness." Any of these exhortations would
sufficiently describe the Apostle's practical aim from the beginning of the
Epistle. But he has just cited the words of Habakkuk, and the prophet speaks of
faith. How, then, does the prophet's declaration that the righteous man of God
will escape death by his faith bear on the Apostle's arguments or help his
strong appeals? The first verse of the eleventh chapter is the reply. Faith is
assurance, with emphasis on the verb.
But this is only a rhetorical connection, or at best a
justification of the use the author has made of the prophet's words. Indeed, he
has already in several places identified confidence with faith, and the
opposite of confidence with unbelief. "Take heed lest there be in any one
of you an evil heart of unbelief; ... for we are become partakers of Christ if
we hold fast the beginning of our confidence firm unto the end."[246]
"They could not enter in because of unbelief; ... let us therefore give
diligence to enter into that rest, that no man fall after the same example of
disobedience."[247] "Be not sluggish, but imitators of them who
through faith and patience inherit the promises."[248] "Having
therefore boldness to enter into the holy place, ...
let us draw near with a true heart in fulness of faith."[249]
Why, therefore, does the author formally state that faith
is confidence? The difficulty is a real one. We must suppose that, when this
Epistle was written, the word "faith" was already a well-known and
almost technical term among Christians. We infer as much as this also from St.
James's careful and stringent correction of abuses in the application of the
word. It is unnecessary to say who was the first to perceive
the vital importance of faith in the life and theology of Christianity.
But in the preaching of St. Paul
faith is trust in a personal Saviour, and trust is the condition and instrument
of salvation. Faith, thus represented, is the opposite of works. Such a
doctrine was liable to abuse, and has been abused to the utter subversion of
morality on the one hand and to the extinction of all unselfish greatness of
soul on the other. Not, most certainly, that St. Paul himself was one-sided in teaching or
in character. To him Christ is a heavenly ideal: "The Lord is the
Spirit;" and to him the believer is the spiritual man, who has the moral
intellect of Christ.[250] But it must be
confessed--and the history of the Church abundantly proves the truth of the
statement--that the good news of eternal salvation on the sole condition of
trust in Christ is one of the easiest of all true doctrines to be fatally
abused. The Epistle of St. James and the Epistle to the Hebrews seem to have
been written to meet this danger. The former represents faith as the inner life
of the spirit, the fountain of all active goodness. "Faith, if it have not works, is dead in itself. Yea, a man will say, Thou
hast faith, and I have works; show me thy faith apart from thy works, and I by
my works will show thee my faith."[251] St. James contends against the
earliest phases of Antinomianism. He reconciles faith and morality, and
maintains that the highest morality springs out of faith. The writer of the
Epistle to the Hebrews contends against legalism,--the proud, self-satisfied,
indifferent, hard, slothful, contemptuous, cynical spirit, which is quite as
truly and as often an abuse of the doctrine of salvation through faith. It is
the terrible plague of those Churches which have never risen above
individualism. When men are told that the whole of religion consists in
securing the soul's eternal safety, and that this salvation is made sure once
for all by a moment's trust in Christ, their after-life will harden into a worldliness, not gross and sensual, but pitiless and deadening.
They will put on the garb of religious decorum; but the inner life will be
eaten by the canker of covetousness and self-righteous pride. These are the men
described in the sixth chapter of our Epistle, who have, after a fashion,
repented and believed, but whose religion has no recuperative power, let alone
the growth and richness of deep vitality.
Our author addresses men whose spiritual life was thus
imperilled. Their condition is not that of the heathen world in its agony of
despair. He does not call his readers, in the words of St.
Paul to the jailer at Philippi, to
trust themselves into the hands of the Lord Jesus Christ, that they may be
saved. Yet he too insists on faith. He is anxious to show them that he is not
preaching another gospel, but unfolding the meaning of the same conception of
faith, which is the central principle of the Gospel revealed at the first by
Christ to their fathers, and applied to the wants of the heathen by the Apostle
of the Gentiles.
If so, it goes without saying that the writer does not
intend to give a scholastic definition of faith. The New Testament is not the
book in which to seek formal definitions. For his present purpose we require
only to know that, whatever else faith includes, confidence in reference to the
objects of our hope must find a place in it. Faith bridges over the chasm
between hope and the things hoped for. It saves us from building castles in the
air or living in a fool's paradise. The phantoms of worldliness and the
phantoms of religion (for they too exist) will not deceive us. In the course of
his discussion in the Epistle the author has used three different words to set
forth various sides of the same feeling of confidence. One refers to the
freedom and boldness with which the confidence felt manifests its presence in
words and action.[252] Another signifies the fulness
of conviction with which the mind when confident is saturated.[253] The third
word, which we have in the present passage, describes confidence as a reality,
resting on an unshaken foundation, and contrasted with illusions.[254] He has
urged Christians to boldness of action and fulness of conviction. Now he adds
that faith is that boldness and that wealth of certitude in so far as they rest
upon reality and truth.
We can now in some measure estimate the value of the
Apostle's description of faith as an assurance concerning things hoped for, and
apply it to give force to the exhortations of the Epistle. The evil heart of
unbelief is the moral corruption of the man whose soul is steeped in sensual
imaginations and never realises the things of the Spirit. They who came out of Egypt by Moses could not enter into rest because
they did not descry, beyond the earthly Canaan,
the rest of the spirit in God. Others inherit the promises, because on earth
they lifted their hearts to the heavenly country. In short, the Apostle now
tells his readers that the true source of Christian constancy and boldness is
the realisation of the unseen world.
But faith is this assurance concerning things hoped for
because it is a proof[255] of their existence, and of
the existence of the unseen generally. The latter part of the verse is the
broad foundation on which faith rests in all the rich variety of its meanings
and practical applications. Here St.
Paul, St. James, and the writer of the Epistle to the
Hebrews meet in the unity of their conception. Whether men trust unto
salvation, or develop their inner spiritual life, or enter into communion with
God and lift the weapon of unflinching boldness in the Christian warfare,
trust, character, confidence, all three derive their being and vitality from
faith, as it demonstrates the existence of the unseen.
The Apostle's language is a seeming contradiction. Proof
is usually supposed to dispense with faith and compel us to accept the
inference drawn. He intentionally describes faith as occupying in reference to
spiritual realities the place of demonstration. Faith in the unseen is itself a
proof that the unseen world exists. It is so in two ways.
First, we trust our own moral instincts. Malebranche
observes that our passions justify themselves. How much more is this true of
intellect and conscience! In like manner, some men have firm confidence in a
world of spiritual realities, which eye has not seen. This confidence is itself
a proof to them. How do I know that I know? It is a philosopher's enigma. For
us it may be sufficient to say that to know and to know that we know are one
and the same act. How do we justify our faith in the unseen? The answer is
similar. It is the same thing to trust and to trust our trust. Scepticism wins
a cheap victory when it arraigns faith as a culprit caught in the very act of
stealing the forbidden fruit of paradise. But when, like a guilty thing, faith
blushes for its want of logic, its only refuge is to look in the face of the
unseen Father. He who has most faith in his own spiritual instincts will have
the strongest faith in God. To trust God is to trust ourselves. To doubt
ourselves is to doubt God. We must add that there is a sense in which trust in
God means distrust of self.
Second, faith fastens directly on God Himself. We believe
in God because we impose implicit confidence in our own moral nature. With
equal truth we may also say that we believe all else because we believe in God.
Faith in God Himself immediately and personally is the proof that the promises
are true, that our life on earth is linked to a life above, that patient
well-doing will have its reward, that no good deed can be in vain, and ten
thousand other thoughts and hopes that sustain the drooping spirit in hours of
conflict. It may well happen that some of these truths are legitimate
inferences from premises, or it may be that a calculation of probabilities is
in favour of their truth. But faith trusts itself upon them because they are
worthy of God. Sometimes the silence of God is enough, if an aspiration of the
soul is felt to be such that it became Him to implant it and will be glorious
in Him to reward the heaven-sent desire.
An instance of faith as a proof of the unseen is given by
our author in the third verse. We may paraphrase it thus: "By faith we
know that the ages have been constructed by the word of God, and that even to
this point of assurance: that the visible universe as a whole came not into
being out of things that do appear."
The author began in the previous verse to unroll his
magnificent record of the elders. But from the beginning men found themselves
in the presence of a mystery of the past before they received any promise as to
the future. It is the mystery of creation. It has pressed heavily on men in all
ages. The Apostle himself has felt its power, and speaks of it as a question
which his readers and himself have faced. How do we
know that the development of the ages had a beginning? If it had a beginning,
how did it begin? The Apostle replies that we know it by faith. The revelation
which we have received from God addresses itself to our moral perception and
our confidence in God's moral nature. We have been taught that "in the
beginning God created the heaven and the earth," and that "God said,
Let there be light."[256] Faith demands this revelation. Is faith trust?
That trust in God is our proof that the framework of the world was put together
by His creative wisdom and power. Is faith the inner life of righteousness?
Morality requires that our own consciousness of personality and freedom should
be derived from a Divine personality as the Originator of all things. Is faith
communion with God? Those who pray know that prayer is an absolute necessity of
their spiritual nature, and prayer lifts its voice to a living Father. Faith
demonstrates to him who has it, though not to others, that the universe has
come to its present form, not by an eternal evolution of matter, but by the
action of God's creative energy.
The somewhat peculiar form of the clause seems certainly
to suggest that the Apostle ascribes the origin of the universe, not only to a
personal Creator, but to that personal Creator acting through the ideas of His
own mind. "The visible came into being, not out of things that
appear." We catch ourselves waiting till he finishes the sentence with the
words, "but out of things that do not appear." Most expositors fight
shy of the inference and explain it away by alleging that the negative has been
misplaced.[257] But is it not true that the universe
is the manifestation of thought in the unity of the Divine purpose? This is the
very notion required to complete the Apostle's statement concerning faith as a
proof. If faith demonstrates, it acts on principles. If God is personal, those
principles are ideas, thoughts, purposes, of the
Divine mind.
So long, therefore, as our spiritual nature can trust, can
unfold a morality, can pray, the simple soul need not much bewail its want of
logic and its loss of arguments. If the famous ontological argument for the
being of God has been refuted, we shall not, on that account, tremble for the
ark. We shall not lament though the argument from the watch has proved treacherous.
Our God is not a mere infinite mechanician. Indeed, such a phrase is a
contradiction in terms. A mechanician must be finite. He contrives, and as the
result produces, not what is absolutely best, but what is the best possible
under the circumstances and with the materials at his disposal. But if we have
lost the mechanician, we have not lost the God that thinks. We have gained the
perfectly righteous and perfectly good. His thoughts have manifested themselves
in nature, in human freedom, in the incarnation of His Son, in the redemption
of sinners. But the intellect that knows these things is the good heart of
faith.
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